perm filename C.XGP[ESS,JMC] blob
sn#106123 filedate 1974-06-10 generic text, type T, neo UTF8
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␈↓␈↓↓␈↓␈↓ βsTECHNOLOGY, CRIME, AND CIVIL LIBERTIES
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_At␈α∞any␈α∞given␈α∞level␈α∞of␈α∞enforcement␈α∞technology,␈α∞the␈α∞practices␈α∞of␈α
the␈α
law␈α
enforcement␈α
agencies
␈↓ ↓Hrepresent␈α_a␈α_compromise␈α_among␈α_several␈α↔considerations:␈α↔suppression␈α↔of␈α↔activities␈α↔regarded␈α↔as
␈↓ ↓Hundesirable,␈αcosts,␈αthe␈αconvenience␈αof␈αthe␈αauthorities,␈αand␈αcivil␈αliberties␈α(i.e.␈αthe␈αright␈αof␈αcitizens␈αnot
␈↓ ↓Hto␈α⊃have␈α⊃his␈α⊃privacy␈α⊃invaded␈α⊃or␈α⊃even␈α⊃worse␈α⊃to␈α⊃be␈α⊃wrongfully␈α⊃punished).␈α⊂The␈α⊂matter␈α⊂is␈α⊂further
␈↓ ↓Hcomplicated␈α∞by␈α∞the␈α∞fact␈α∞that␈α∞what␈α∞activities␈α∞are␈α∞so␈α∞undesirable␈α∞as␈α∞to␈α∞be␈α∞prevented␈α
by␈α
legal␈α
means
␈↓ ↓Hdepends␈α
on␈α
one's␈α
point␈α
of␈α
view␈α
which␈α
is␈α
further␈α
influenced␈α
by␈α
one's␈α
position␈α
in␈α
society.
␈↓ α_It␈α
is␈α
not␈α
the␈α
purpose␈α
of␈α
this␈α
essay␈α
to␈α
resolve␈α
all␈αthese␈αproblems,␈αbut␈αmerely␈αto␈αpoint␈αout␈αhow
␈↓ ↓Htechnology␈α∂can␈α∞make␈α∞the␈α∞problems␈α∞easier␈α∞to␈α∞solve.␈α∞In␈α∞the␈α∞main,␈α∞we␈α∞shall␈α∞be␈α∞interested␈α∞in␈α∞ways␈α∞in
␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α
behavior␈α
that␈α
is␈α
universally␈α
agreed␈α
to␈α
be␈α
criminal␈α
can␈α
be␈α
prevented␈α
while␈αthe␈αcivil␈αliberties
␈↓ ↓Hcan␈α
be␈α
increased.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈α
incidence␈α
of␈α
certain␈α
crimes␈α
can␈α
be␈α
reduced␈α
as␈α
follows:
␈↓ α_1.␈α
Murder.␈α
The␈α
use␈α
of␈α
guns␈α
for␈α
crime␈α
could␈α
be␈α
reduced␈α
as␈α
follows:
␈↓ α_1.1.␈α
Register␈α
guns␈α
as␈α
often␈α
proposed.
␈↓ α_1.2.␈α
Tag␈α
bullets␈α
and␈α
guns␈α
with␈α
radioactive␈α
isotopes.␈α
If␈α
each␈α
box␈α
of␈α
bullets␈α
is␈α
tagged␈α
with␈α
30
␈↓ ↓Hisotopes␈αout␈αof␈α30␈αpairs␈αof␈αisotopes␈α(one␈αfrom␈αeach␈αpair),␈αthen␈αif␈αa␈αbullet␈αis␈αfound␈αin␈αsomeone,␈α
it␈α
can
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α∂determined␈α∂who␈α∂bought␈α∂the␈α∂box␈α∂of␈α∞bullets␈α∞provided␈α∞sales␈α∞of␈α∞bullets␈α∞are␈α∞registered.␈α∞Of␈α∞course,
␈↓ ↓Hillegal␈αbullets␈αcould␈αbe␈αmanufactured,␈αbut␈α
criminals␈α
do␈α
not␈α
use␈α
a␈α
uniform␈α
kind␈α
of␈α
gun,␈α
and␈α
posession
␈↓ ↓Hof␈α∞untagged␈α∞bullets␈α∞would␈α∞be␈α∞a␈α∞crime.␈α∞Likewise,␈α∞guns␈α∞barrels␈α
should␈α
be␈α
rifled␈α
or␈α
otherwise␈α
scored
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α⊂the␈α⊂scoring␈α⊂registered␈α⊂when␈α⊂the␈α∂gun␈α∂is␈α∂manufactured␈α∂so␈α∂that␈α∂if␈α∂a␈α∂fired␈α∂bullet␈α∂is␈α∂found,␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓Hregistered␈α
owner␈α
of␈α
the␈α
gun␈α
can␈α
be␈α
determined.
␈↓ α_The␈α⊃government␈α⊃should␈α⊃obtain␈α⊃the␈α⊃co-operation␈α⊃of␈α⊃the␈α⊃bullet␈α⊃manufacturers␈α⊃and␈α⊃put␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓Hmarking␈αsystem␈αinto␈αeffect␈αwithout␈αnotice␈αso␈αthat␈αthe␈αunmarked␈αbullets␈αwould␈αbe␈αflushed␈αout␈αof␈αthe
␈↓ ↓Hsystem␈α
before␈α
too␈α
many␈α
criminals␈α
noticed.
␈↓ α_I␈α
have␈α
recently␈α
learned␈α
that␈α
such␈α
a␈α
scheme␈α
is␈α
already␈α
under␈α
consideration␈α
for␈α
explosives.
␈↓ α_2.␈α
Theft.
␈↓ α_2.1.␈α∞Eliminate␈α∞money.␈α∞Paying␈α∞by␈α∞check␈α∞has␈α∞practically␈α∞eliminated␈α∞the␈α∞payroll␈α∞robbery␈α
which
␈↓ ↓Hused␈α⊂to␈α⊂be␈α⊂the␈α∂most␈α∂lucrative␈α∂and␈α∂easy␈α∂kind␈α∂of␈α∂robbery.␈α∂The␈α∂universal␈α∂use␈α∂of␈α∂credit␈α∂cards␈α∂with
␈↓ ↓Hphotographs␈αof␈αthe␈αowner␈αand␈αcredit␈αchecking␈αterminals␈αwould␈αmake␈αthe␈αtheft␈αof␈αcash␈αinto␈αa␈αminor
␈↓ ↓Hproblem.␈α⊂If␈α⊂money␈α⊂were␈α⊂completely␈α⊂eliminated,␈α⊂a␈α⊂robber␈α⊂would␈α⊂have␈α⊂to␈α⊂demand␈α⊂that␈α⊂his␈α∂victim
␈↓ ↓Htransfer␈α$500␈αto␈αaccount␈αnumber␈α558␈α
30␈α
4793.␈α
However,␈α
note␈α
that␈α
taxis␈α
do␈α
not␈α
yet␈α
accept␈α
credit␈α
cards
␈↓ ↓Halthough␈α
this␈α
is␈α
easy␈α
with␈α
present␈α
technology␈α
and␈α
would␈α
reduce␈α
the␈α
cash␈α
they␈α
have␈α
to␈α
carry.
␈↓ α_2.2.␈α∩If␈α∩cash␈α∩is␈α∩completely␈α∩eliminated,␈α⊃then␈α⊃even␈α⊃private␈α⊃financial␈α⊃transactions␈α⊃have␈α⊃to␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓Hrecorded␈α⊃and␈α⊂fencing␈α⊂of␈α⊂stolen␈α⊂goods␈α⊂can␈α⊂be␈α⊂detected.␈α⊂If␈α⊂it␈α⊂is␈α⊂considered␈α⊂infeasible␈α⊂to␈α⊂eliminate
␈↓ ↓Hmoney,␈α
an␈α
inexpensive␈α
device␈α
to␈α
check␈αand␈αregister␈αserial␈αnumbers␈αof␈αbills␈αcan␈αbe␈αattached␈αto␈αcash
␈↓ ↓Hregisters.␈αThe␈αidea␈αis␈αthat␈αthe␈αbill␈αis␈αentered␈αinto␈αthe␈αcash␈αregister␈αas␈αin␈αthe␈αslot␈αof␈αa␈αchange␈αmaker.
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αserial␈αnumber␈αof␈αthe␈αbill␈αis␈αread␈αand␈αa␈αcall␈αis␈αautomatically␈αmade␈αto␈αcheck␈αthe␈αbill␈α
against␈α
a␈α
list
␈↓ ↓Hof␈αhot␈αmoney.␈αOutgoing␈αbills␈αare␈αalso␈αregistered.␈αA␈α
robbed␈α
individual␈α
will␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to␈α
identify␈α
at␈α
least
␈↓ ↓Hsome␈αof␈αthe␈αstolen␈αbills␈αby␈αreporting␈αwhat␈αhe␈αcan␈αremember␈αabout␈αhis␈αmost␈αrecent␈αtransactions␈αwith
␈↓ ↓Hcash␈α
registers.
␈↓ α_2.3.␈αExtend␈αproperty␈αregistration␈αlike␈αthat␈αrequired␈αfor␈αautomobiles␈αto␈αthe␈αkinds␈αof␈αexpensive
␈↓ ↓Hgoods␈α⊃that␈α⊃are␈α⊃commonly␈α⊃stolen␈α⊃such␈α⊃as␈α⊃TVs,␈α⊃hi-fis,␈α⊂cameras,␈α⊂expensive␈α⊂musical␈α⊂instruments.␈α⊂It
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αthen␈αbe␈αillegal␈αto␈αposess␈α
these␈α
items␈α
or␈α
repair␈α
them␈α
without␈α
proper␈α
papers.␈α
Whether␈α
the␈α
paper
␈↓ ↓Hwork␈α∞can␈α∞be␈α∞handled␈α∞without␈α
too␈α
much␈α
annoyance␈α
is␈α
doubtful␈α
until␈α
home␈α
computer␈α
terminals␈α
are
␈↓ ↓Havailable.␈α∩One␈α∩could␈α∩start␈α∩by␈α∩making␈α∩registration␈α∩optional␈α∩with␈α∩the␈α∩initial␈α⊃purchaser␈α⊃with␈α⊃the
␈↓ ↓Hregistered␈α⊃items␈α⊃being␈α⊃distinctively␈α⊃marked.␈α⊃Subsequent␈α⊃purchasers␈α⊃would␈α⊃have␈α⊃to␈α⊃maintain␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓Hregistration.␈α
A␈α
purchaser␈α
of␈α
a␈α
hi-fi,␈α
for␈α
example,␈α
would␈α
decide␈α
whether␈α
the␈αtrouble␈αof␈αmaintaining
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αregistration␈αwould␈αcompensate␈αfor␈αthe␈αreduced␈αattractiveness␈αof␈α
theft.␈α
He␈α
might␈α
also␈α
speculate␈α
on
␈↓ ↓Hwhether␈α
the␈α
price␈α
he␈α
could␈α
get␈α
on␈α
resale␈α
would␈α
be␈α
more␈α
or␈α
less␈α
if␈α
the␈α
item␈α
were␈α
registered.
␈↓ α_3.␈α
Other␈α
violence.
␈↓ α_3.1.␈αHitch-hiking␈αshould␈αbe␈αmade␈αsafe␈αboth␈αfor␈αthe␈αhitch-hiker␈αand␈αthe␈αperson␈αwho␈α
picks␈α
him
␈↓ ↓Hup.␈α∩This␈α⊃could␈α⊃be␈α⊃done␈α⊃if␈α⊃the␈α⊃transaction␈α⊃was␈α⊃recorded␈α⊃in␈α⊃some␈α⊃way.␈α⊃If␈α⊃the␈α⊃car␈α⊃automatically
␈↓ ↓Hphotographed␈α
its␈α
passengers␈αand␈αtransmitted␈αthe␈αimage␈αfor␈αstorage,␈αthen␈αif␈αeither␈αperson␈αcame␈αto␈αa
␈↓ ↓Hbad␈αend,␈αthe␈αpresence␈αof␈αthe␈αhitch-hiker␈αin␈αthe␈αcar␈αwould␈αbe␈αdiscovered.␈α(Even␈αwithout␈αthis␈αI␈αthink
␈↓ ↓Hhitchhiking␈αshould␈αbe␈αencouraged␈αas␈αpart␈αof␈α
a␈α
more␈α
friendly␈α
society.␈α
Anyone␈α
who␈α
wants␈α
to␈α
clobber␈α
a
␈↓ ↓Hhitchhiker␈αor␈αa␈αdriver␈αcan␈αdo␈αso␈αwithout␈αa␈αdelay␈αlong␈αenough␈αto␈αdiscourage␈αhim,␈αand␈αtherefore␈αit␈αis
␈↓ ↓Hunlikely␈α∞that␈α∞an␈α∞increase␈α∞in␈α∞hitchhiking␈α∞would␈α
lead␈α
to␈α
an␈α
increase␈α
in␈α
crime␈α
related␈α
to␈α
hitchhiking
␈↓ ↓Hexcept␈α
perhaps␈α
that␈α
caused␈α
by␈α
mutual␈α
irritation␈α
by␈α
the␈α
driver␈α
and␈α
his␈α
passenger).
␈↓ α_3.2.␈αThe␈αgoal␈αis␈αthat␈αanyone,␈αchild␈αor␈αwoman␈αshould␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αgo␈αanywhere␈αat␈αany␈αtime␈αwith
␈↓ ↓Ha␈αhigh␈αdegree␈αof␈αsafety␈αfrom␈αmolestation.␈αThis␈αcould␈αbe␈αaccomplished␈αby␈αhaving␈αthe␈αperson␈αcarry␈αa
␈↓ ↓Htrackable␈α⊂device␈α⊂and␈α⊂also␈α⊂having␈α∂cameras␈α∂record␈α∂people␈α∂crossing␈α∂boundaries.␈α∂Then␈α∂if␈α∂something
␈↓ ↓Hhappened␈α
to␈α
someone,␈α
it␈α
would␈α
be␈α
discoverable␈α
who␈α
was␈α
in␈α
the␈α
area␈α
at␈α
the␈α
time.
␈↓ α_In␈α∞this,␈α∞we␈α∞have␈α∞to␈α∞take␈α∞into␈α∞account␈α∞the␈α∞fact␈α∞that␈α∞crime␈α∞is␈α∞a␈α∞rare␈α∞event.␈α∞Thus,␈α∞the␈α
records
␈↓ ↓Htaken␈αare␈αnot␈αinspected␈αby␈αhumans␈αunless␈αa␈αcrime␈αhas␈αoccurred.␈αFurther␈αsafeguards␈αare␈αrequired␈αto
␈↓ ↓Hprotect␈αpeople␈αagainst␈αsurveillance,␈αnamely,␈αif␈αa␈αperson␈αis␈αidentified␈αin␈αphoto␈αthat␈αis␈αlooked␈αat,␈αthen
␈↓ ↓Hhe␈α
gets␈α
to␈α
know␈α
about␈α
it,␈α
and␈α
gets␈α
to␈α
know␈α
what␈α
investigation␈α
it␈α
was␈α
part␈α
of.
␈↓ α_4.␈α
Automobiles
␈↓ α_The␈αtwo␈αmajor␈αsources␈αof␈αconflict␈αbetween␈αordinary␈αcitizens␈αand␈αthe␈αlaw␈αare␈αautomobiles␈αand
␈↓ ↓Htaxes.␈α
Here␈α
are␈α
some␈α
ideas␈α
for␈α
reducing␈α
the␈α
conflict:
␈↓ α_4.1.␈α
The␈α
ultimate␈α
solution␈α
is␈α
computer␈α
driven␈α
cars␈α
discussed␈α
in␈α
another␈α
chapter␈α
of␈α
this␈α
book.
␈↓ α_4.2.␈α
A␈α
major␈α
source␈α
of␈α
injustice␈α
and␈α
complaint␈α
is␈α
the␈α
erratic␈α
nature␈α
of␈αpunishment␈αof␈αtraffic
␈↓ ↓Hinfractions.␈α
People␈α
see␈αothers␈αgetting␈αaway␈αwith␈αit␈αand␈αwhether␈αone␈αis␈αcaught␈αis␈αa␈αrandom␈αvariable
␈↓ ↓Hwith␈α⊃high␈α⊃variance.␈α⊃Also␈α⊃the␈α⊃punishments␈α⊃are␈α⊃more␈α⊃severe␈α⊃than␈α⊃they␈α⊃would␈α⊂have␈α⊂to␈α⊂be␈α⊂if␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓Hprobability␈α
of␈α
being␈α
caught␈α
were␈α
higher.
␈↓ α_Suppose␈αthat␈αdriver's␈α
licenses␈α
have␈α
the␈α
form␈α
of␈α
machine-readable␈α
credit␈α
cards,␈α
that␈α
the␈α
car␈α
will
␈↓ ↓Hgo␈αonly␈αif␈αa␈αlicense␈αis␈αin␈αa␈αslot␈αin␈α
the␈α
car,␈α
and␈α
suppose␈α
that␈α
a␈α
transponder␈α
in␈α
the␈α
car␈α
gives␈α
the␈α
license
␈↓ ↓Hof␈α∞the␈α∞car␈α∞and␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞driver␈α
when␈α
interrogated.␈α
Moreover,␈α
the␈α
speedometer␈α
of␈α
the␈α
car␈α
is␈α
recorded
␈↓ ↓Halso,␈αand␈α
finally␈α
the␈α
recording␈α
takes␈α
place␈α
in␈α
the␈α
driven␈α
car␈α
as␈α
well␈α
as␈α
in␈α
the␈α
police␈α
car.␈α
The␈α
numbers
␈↓ ↓Hof␈α
the␈α
police␈α
car␈α
and␈α
its␈α
driver␈α
are␈α
recorded␈α
as␈α
well␈α
as␈α
the␈α
readings␈α
of␈αthe␈αspeedometer␈αof␈αthe␈αthe
␈↓ ↓Hpolice␈α
car␈α
and␈α
the␈α
reading␈α
of␈α
its␈α
radar.␈α
Thus␈α
an␈αobjective␈αrecord␈αof␈αthe␈αevent␈αis␈αavailable␈αto␈αboth
␈↓ ↓Hparties.␈α∪Police␈α∩cars␈α∩carry␈α∩television␈α∩cameras␈α∩and␈α∩video␈α∩tape␈α∩loops.␈α∩When␈α∩a␈α∩policeman␈α∩sees␈α∩an
␈↓ ↓Hinfraction␈α
he␈α
causes␈α
the␈α
video␈α
tape␈α
loop␈α
to␈α
be␈α
copied␈αonto␈αa␈αstored␈αvideo␈αtape␈αalong␈αwith␈αrelevant
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α⊃such␈α⊃as␈α⊃the␈α⊃speedometer␈α⊂reading␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂police␈α⊂car␈α⊂and␈α⊂the␈α⊂automobile␈α⊂and␈α⊂drivers
␈↓ ↓Hlicense␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩car␈α⊃he␈α⊃is␈α⊃following.␈α⊃He␈α⊃can␈α⊃also␈α⊃warn␈α⊃the␈α⊃driver␈α⊃if␈α⊃car-to-car␈α⊃communication␈α⊃is
␈↓ ↓Hprovided,␈α
but␈α
he␈α
doesn't␈α
have␈α
to␈α
stop␈α
it.␈α
Some␈α
events␈α
can␈α
be␈α
recorded␈α
by␈α
roadside␈α
cameras␈α
also.
␈↓ α_This␈αwill␈αvastly␈α
increase␈α
the␈α
productivity␈α
of␈α
the␈α
traffic␈α
police␈α
and␈α
can␈α
also␈α
increase␈α
the␈α
level␈α
of
␈↓ ↓Hevidence␈αrequired␈αto␈αsecure␈αconviction.␈αIt␈αwill␈αno␈αlonger␈αbe␈αthe␈αunsupported␈αword␈αof␈αthe␈αpoliceman
␈↓ ↓Hagainst␈α
that␈α
of␈α
the␈α
motorist.␈α
If␈α
a␈α
tendency␈α
to␈α
gimmick␈α
the␈α
hardware␈α
is␈α
suspected␈α
the␈α
hardware␈α
can␈α
be
␈↓ ↓Haudited␈α∞by␈α∞civil␈α∞rights␈α∞organisations.␈α∞Since␈α∞the␈α∞probability␈α∞of␈α∞detection␈α∞of␈α
infractions␈α
is␈α
increased,
␈↓ ↓Hmuch␈α
more␈α
use␈α
can␈α
be␈α
made␈α
of␈α
warnings,␈α
and␈α
fines␈α
can␈α
be␈α
reduced.
␈↓ α_A␈αmeans␈αof␈αcar-to-car␈αcommunication␈αwill␈αalso␈αaid␈αin␈αtraffic␈αdirection,␈αrequests␈αfor␈αdirections,
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
in␈α
giving␈α
warnings.
␈↓ α_
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
Civil rights
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_How␈α∂much␈α∂civil␈α∂rights␈α∂should␈α∞people␈α∞have?␈α∞This␈α∞question␈α∞has␈α∞been␈α∞much␈α∞debated␈α∞as␈α∞civil
␈↓ ↓Hrights␈α∂have␈α∞extended.␈α∞The␈α∞traditional␈α∞way␈α∞civil␈α∞rights␈α∞have␈α∞been␈α∞extended␈α∞is␈α∞to␈α∞pretend␈α∞that␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓Hrights␈α∂have␈α∂always␈α∂existed␈α∂and␈α∂that␈α∂a␈α∂violation␈α∞is␈α∞being␈α∞detected.␈α∞This␈α∞obscures␈α∞the␈α∞truth␈α∞of␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓Hmatter.␈αNamely,␈αindividuals␈αin␈αa␈αsociety␈αshould␈αhave␈αall␈αthe␈αcivil␈αrights␈αsociety␈α
can␈α
afford,␈α
and␈α
these
␈↓ ↓Hrights␈α
should␈α
be␈α
extended␈α
as␈α
time␈α
goes␈α
on.␈α
Here␈α
are␈α
some␈α
proposals␈α
to␈α
that␈α
end:
␈↓ α_1.␈α∂The␈α∞arrest␈α∞of␈α∞a␈α∞person␈α∞accused␈α∞of␈α∞a␈α∞crime␈α∞should␈α∞be␈α∞very␈α∞rare␈α∞even␈α∞for␈α∞murder.␈α∞As␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓Hworld␈α∞becomes␈α∞more␈α∞settled␈α∞and␈α
the␈α
technology␈α
improves,␈α
the␈α
feasibility␈α
of␈α
running␈α
away␈α
declines.
␈↓ ↓HTherefore,␈α∂the␈α∂accused␈α∂can␈α∂be␈α∂counted␈α∂on␈α∂in␈α∂most␈α∂cases␈α∂to␈α∂be␈α∂available␈α∂for␈α∂his␈α∞trial.␈α∞Exceptions
␈↓ ↓Hmight␈αbe:␈αthe␈αdefendant␈αis␈αaccused␈αof␈αattempting␈αto␈αinjure␈αsomeone␈αand␈αmight␈αstill␈αdo␈αit␈αif␈αhe␈αwere
␈↓ ↓Hfree;␈αhe␈αis␈αaccused␈αof␈αfailing␈αto␈α
appear␈α
for␈α
trial.␈α
The␈α
present␈α
practical␈α
objection␈α
is␈α
that␈α
delays␈α
in␈α
trial
␈↓ ↓Hare␈α∂so␈α∂great␈α∂and␈α∂so␈α∂easy␈α∂for␈α∂a␈α∂defendant␈α∂to␈α∂extend␈α∞that␈α∞many␈α∞dangerous␈α∞activities␈α∞such␈α∞as␈α∞dope
␈↓ ↓Hpeddling␈α⊂or␈α⊂systematic␈α⊂extortion␈α⊂would␈α∂continue␈α∂without␈α∂interruption␈α∂if␈α∂arrest␈α∂always␈α∂resulted␈α∂in
␈↓ ↓Himmediate␈α∞release␈α
on␈α
recognizance.␈α
Promptness␈α
of␈α
trial␈α
would␈α
fix␈α
this,␈α
but␈α
perhaps␈α
the␈α
state␈α
could
␈↓ ↓Hask␈α
for␈α
a␈α
court␈α
order␈α
of␈α
temporary␈α
exile␈αfrom␈αa␈αcity␈αfor␈αsomeone␈αwhom␈αthey␈αcan␈αshow␈αis␈α␈↓↓probably␈↓
␈↓ ↓Hdangerous.␈αThey␈αmust␈αpay␈αthis␈αperson␈αcompensation␈αwhile␈αhe␈αis␈αaway␈αand␈αpay␈αdamages␈αif␈αhe␈αis␈αnot
␈↓ ↓Hconvicted.
␈↓ α_2.␈αIf␈αa␈αperson␈αis␈αarrested,␈αthe␈αjail␈αshould␈αbe␈αseparate␈αfrom␈αprisons␈αholding␈αconvicted␈αpersons.
␈↓ ↓HIn␈α∞fact,␈α∞the␈α∞jail␈α∞should␈α∞be␈α∞a␈α
hotel␈α
with␈α
good␈α
services␈α
including␈α
entertainment␈α
in␈α
keeping␈α
with␈α
the
␈↓ ↓Hidea␈α∃that␈α∃the␈α∃person␈α∃is␈α∃presumed␈α∃innocent␈α∃until␈α∃convicted.␈α∃The␈α∃custodial␈α∃agency␈α∀should␈α∀be
␈↓ ↓Hindependent␈αof␈αthe␈α
police␈α
or␈α
the␈α
prosecutor,␈α
and␈α
these␈α
agencies␈α
should␈α
have␈α
no␈α
access␈α
to␈α
the␈α
prisoner
␈↓ ↓Hif␈αhe␈αdoesn't␈αwant␈αto␈αsee␈αthem.␈αThe␈αprisoner␈αshould␈αhave␈αfull␈αrights␈αof␈αprivate␈αcommunication␈αwith
␈↓ ↓Hanyone␈αincluding␈αthe␈αright␈αto␈αuse␈αciphers.␈αAny␈αexception␈αshould␈αbe␈αbased␈αon␈αa␈αcourt␈αorder.␈αIt␈αis␈αnot
␈↓ ↓Hclear␈α
that␈α
our␈αsociety␈αcan␈αafford␈αthis␈αreform␈αyet␈αsince␈αthe␈αpolice␈αdepend␈αon␈αcontrol␈αof␈αprisoners␈αfor
␈↓ ↓Hmuch␈α∩of␈α∩their␈α∩evidence.␈α∩On␈α∩balance,␈α∩I␈α∩think␈α⊃we␈α⊃can␈α⊃afford␈α⊃it␈α⊃(certainly␈α⊃once␈α⊃the␈α⊃technologies
␈↓ ↓Hproposed␈α
in␈α
this␈α
chapter␈α
become␈α
available),␈α
and␈α
in␈α
any␈α
case␈α
it␈α
should␈α
be␈α
a␈α
goal␈α
to␈α
be␈α
implemented␈α
as
␈↓ ↓Hsoon␈αas␈αalternate␈αmeans␈αof␈αevidence␈αcollection␈αbecome␈α
available␈α
so␈α
that␈α
confessions␈α
and␈α
plea-copping
␈↓ ↓Hcan␈α
be␈α
dispensed␈α
with.
␈↓ α_3.␈α⊃Every␈α⊃institution␈α⊃including␈α⊃a␈α⊃prison␈α⊃develops␈α⊃a␈α⊂tradition.␈α⊂In␈α⊂the␈α⊂case␈α⊂of␈α⊂a␈α⊂prison,␈α⊂this
␈↓ ↓Htradition␈α∂is␈α∂usually␈α∂one␈α∂of␈α∂cynicism,␈α∂despair,␈α∞and␈α∞individual␈α∞selfishness.␈α∞Attempts␈α∞by␈α∞reformers␈α∞to
␈↓ ↓Hmake␈αother␈αattitudes␈αdominant␈αsometimes␈αhave␈αsuccess␈αin␈αnew␈αinstitutions␈αwith␈αselected␈αinmates␈αand
␈↓ ↓Hyoung,␈α≠enthusiastic␈α≠personnel,␈α≠but␈α≠eventually␈α≠cynicism␈α≠among␈α≠the␈α≠inmates␈α≠and␈α~personnel
␈↓ ↓Hre-establishes␈α∞itself␈α∞and␈α∞is␈α
almost␈α
impossible␈α
to␈α
overcome.␈α
This␈α
effect␈α
can␈α
be␈α
mitigated␈α
by␈α
running
␈↓ ↓Hprisons␈αas␈α
batch␈α
processing␈α
rather␈α
than␈α
continuous␈α
institutions.␈α
The␈α
idea␈α
is␈α
that␈α
a␈α
group␈α
of␈α
prisoners
␈↓ ↓Hwho␈αwill␈αbe␈αreleased␈αat␈αabout␈αthe␈αsame␈αtime␈αshould␈αbe␈αkept␈αtogether␈αand␈αisolated␈αfrom␈αothers.␈αThe
␈↓ ↓Hstaff␈αwill␈αattempt␈αto␈αestablish␈αa␈αgood␈αtradition␈αin␈αthis␈αgroup.␈αNo␈αprisoners␈αwhose␈αterms␈αoverlap␈αthe
␈↓ ↓Hrelease␈αdate␈αof␈αthe␈αgroup␈αwill␈αbe␈αput␈αin␈α
it.␈α
When␈α
the␈α
group␈α
is␈α
released,␈α
the␈α
facility␈α
becomes␈α
available
␈↓ ↓Hfor␈α∞a␈α∞new␈α∞batch.␈α
This␈α
calls␈α
form␈α
numerous␈α
small␈α
prisons␈α
rather␈α
than␈α
a␈α
few␈α
large␈α
ones.␈α
Perhaps␈α
a
␈↓ ↓Hnumber␈α∞of␈α∞states␈α∞could␈α∞share␈α∞facilities␈α∞in␈α∞order␈α∞to␈α∞put␈α∞the␈α∞prisoners␈α∞into␈α∞homogeneous␈α∞groupings.
␈↓ ↓HAny␈α
prisoner␈α
should␈α
have␈α
an␈αabsolute␈αright␈αof␈αisolation␈αfrom␈αother␈αprisoners␈αwhom␈αhe␈αfears.␈αThis
␈↓ ↓Hcould␈α
prevent␈α
prison␈α
gangs␈α
from␈α
intimidating␈α
other␈α
prisoners.
␈↓ α_4.␈α∂A␈α∂counterpart␈α∂of␈α∂making␈α∂crime␈α∂more␈α∂difficult␈α∂is␈α∂making␈α∂going␈α∂straight␈α∂easier.␈α∞Once␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓Hcountry␈α∂can␈α∂afford␈α∂to␈α∂give␈α∞each␈α∞person␈α∞a␈α∞base␈α∞income␈α∞independently␈α∞of␈α∞his␈α∞working,␈α∞people␈α∞who
␈↓ ↓Hcannot␈α
bring␈α
themselves␈α
to␈α
work␈α
will␈α
have␈α
an␈α
alternative␈α
to␈α
crime.␈α
Under␈αpresent␈αcircumstances,␈αit
␈↓ ↓Hmight␈αpay␈αto␈αpension␈αreleased␈αcriminals␈αat␈αa␈αrate␈αof␈αpay␈αless␈αthan␈αit␈αcosts␈αto␈αkeep␈αthem␈αin␈αprison.␈αIf
␈↓ ↓Hthis␈αwere␈αdone␈α
only␈α
for␈α
those␈α
who␈α
have␈α
spent␈α
five␈α
years␈α
in␈α
prison,␈α
there␈α
would␈α
be␈α
little␈α
temptation␈α
to
␈↓ ↓Hcommit␈α
a␈α
crime␈α
in␈α
order␈α
to␈α
get␈α
a␈α
pension.
␈↓ α_In␈αgeneral,␈αa␈αmajor␈αobject␈αin␈α
improving␈α
the␈α
technology␈α
of␈α
crime␈α
prevention␈α
and␈α
detection␈α
is␈α
to
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α
able␈α
to␈α
afford␈α
more␈α
civil␈α
rights.
␈↓ α_Part␈α∪of␈α∪the␈α∪worry␈α∪about␈α∩abuse␈α∩of␈α∩police␈α∩communication␈α∩systems␈α∩and␈α∩future␈α∩surveillance
␈↓ ↓Hsystems␈α∞can␈α∞be␈α∞relieved␈α∞by␈α∞arranging␈α∞for␈α
these␈α
systems␈α
to␈α
be␈α
audited␈α
by␈α
civil␈α
rights␈α
organisations.
␈↓ ↓HFirst,␈αcivil␈αrights␈αorganisations␈αshould␈αhave␈αcopies␈αof␈αthe␈αprograms␈αand␈αthe␈αright␈αto␈αverify␈αthat␈αthe
␈↓ ↓Hprograms␈α
they␈α
have␈α
are␈α
the␈α
ones␈α
actually␈α
being␈α
used.␈α
Second,␈α
all␈αtraffic␈αon␈αthe␈αcommunication␈αnet
␈↓ ↓Hincluding␈α∪all␈α∪inquiries␈α∪made␈α∩should␈α∩be␈α∩dumped␈α∩on␈α∩tape␈α∩drives␈α∩in␈α∩custody␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩civil␈α∩rights
␈↓ ↓Horganisations.␈α∞This␈α∞must␈α∞include␈α∞the␈α∞authorization␈α∞for␈α∞each␈α∞inquiry.␈α∞The␈α∞civil␈α∞rights␈α
organisation
␈↓ ↓Hhas␈αthe␈αright␈αto␈αmake␈αstatistical␈αstudies␈αwith␈αthe␈αdata␈αand␈αcan␈αget␈αcourt␈αorders␈αto␈αlook␈αat␈αparticular
␈↓ ↓Hdata␈αwhen␈αa␈αquestion␈αof␈α
abuse␈α
of␈α
the␈α
system␈α
arises.␈α
Any␈α
organization␈α
that␈α
will␈α
guarantee␈α
the␈α
security
␈↓ ↓Hof␈α
the␈α
records␈α
and␈α
go␈α
to␈α
the␈α
trouble␈α
can␈α
call␈α
itself␈α
a␈α
civil␈α
rights␈α
organization␈α
for␈α
this␈α
purpose.
␈↓ α_Another␈α∂possibility␈α∂is␈α∂the␈α∞wired␈α∞cop.␈α∞A␈α∞policeman␈α∞on␈α∞duty␈α∞is␈α∞required␈α∞to␈α∞carry␈α∞a␈α∞miniature
␈↓ ↓Hsound␈α⊂recorder␈α⊂that␈α⊂records␈α⊂all␈α⊂sounds␈α⊂in␈α⊂his␈α⊂presence.␈α⊂When␈α∂technology␈α∂permits,␈α∂vision␈α∂can␈α∂be
␈↓ ↓Hadded.␈αThe␈αrecord␈αwill␈αbe␈αsubpoenaable␈αby␈αeither␈αside␈αin␈αa␈αcase.␈αHaving␈αsuch␈αa␈αrecord␈αwill␈αpermit
␈↓ ↓Hhigher␈αstandards␈αof␈αproof,␈αbut␈αone␈αof␈αits␈αmain␈αbenefits␈αwill␈αbe␈αto␈αassure␈αpolice␈αthat␈αcrimes␈αthey␈αsee
␈↓ ↓Hwill␈α
be␈α
prosecutable.␈α
This␈α
will␈α
reduce␈α
their␈α
desire␈α
to␈α
make␈α
the␈α
arrest␈α
process␈α
a␈α
punishment␈α
in␈α
itself.
␈↓ α_Another␈α∞immediately␈α∞feasible␈α∞improvement␈α∞is␈α∞to␈α
require␈α
the␈α
police␈α
to␈α
accept␈α
checks␈α
for␈α
bail.
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α∞courts␈α∞are␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∞better␈α∞position␈α∞to␈α∞resent␈α∞bad␈α∞checks␈α∞than␈α
any␈α
other␈α
institution␈α
in␈α
our␈α
society.
␈↓ ↓HMaking␈αpeople␈αspend␈αa␈αnight␈αin␈α
jail␈α
because␈α
they␈α
don't␈α
have␈α
cash␈α
for␈α
bail␈α
is␈α
part␈α
of␈α
making␈α
arrest␈α
a
␈↓ ↓Hpunishment.